Electronic nose

An electronic nose is used for sensing and pattern recognition. It comprises of an array of chemical-sensing elements and a pattern recognition system. We keep a chemical sample in a sampling box. Sampling box is attached to a sensor array and mixing fan. Mixing fan is utilized to blow the volatile compounds produced over the sensor array. The sensors act quickly and respond to the odorant molecules through a chemical reduction process. This chemical reaction will produce changes in the resistance of the sensor. The electric signal generated from the sensor is sent to an analog to digital converter. The collected data should be normalized by a specific tool called Z-score normalization. This is a specially designed tool where mean and the standard deviation is computed from the training set.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the branch of science which deals with the study of drugs. Here we deal with the identification and analysis of the plant and animal tissues from which drugs are extracted. A subsidiary branch, pharmacodynamics deals with the study of drug effects and drug production. The prime duty of a pharmacologist is to study the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which drugs are manufactured. This includes routes of administration, influence of rates of absorption, differential distribution and the body’s mechanisms of excretion and detoxification. Experimental pharmacology is another important category related to drugs which deals with the reactions of living organism to chemical agents.

Neuron

Neurons are essential parts of a human body. We are aware of the fact that the human body is built with a vast array of living cells. Some of the cells are interconnected in such a way that it allows communication of pain to tissues. Some of the cells control the opening and shutting of miniscule valves in the veins and arteries. Some of the cells are there for communicating their experiences to brain. These types of communication cells which perform special tasks in human body are termed as neurons. Neurons assume long tentacle like structures. This structure helps to communicate with other neurons. The tentacles that take signals from other cells and the environment itself are called dendrites. The tentacles which carry signals from the neuron to other cells are called axons. The central part of the neuron is called soma.